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The PCIe protocol evolved to its sixth generation in 2021, doubling its transfer rate to 64 GT/s compared to the previous generation and bringing new features and optimizations to move dependency from software to hardware.

The PCIe hierarchy can be treated as a tree that is rooted in the root port. Each hierarchy can have up to 256 buses. Each bus can host 32 devices, and each device can host eight functions. The tuple of bus/device/function numbers (or just bus/function numbers, in alternative routing ID case) are unique within a hierarchy. In some contexts, the hierarchy is also called a segment.

Does Segmentation Exist Before PCIe 6.0?

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